Terms
Introduction and Chapter 1
Latin American History 109

Latin America
three river systems
	Amazon
	Orinoco
	Río de la Plata
climate
	high mountains
	tropical jungles
	deserts
	temperate coastal plains
	temperate highlands
Caribbean
Roman Catholicism
natural resources
	gold/silver
origins of indigenous peoples
	one place origin theory
	Beringia
	Topper Site
	multiple origins theory
Pleistocene Epoch
hunter-gatherer
agriculturalists
plant domestication
	pumpkins
	beans
	manioc
	potato 
	maize
slash-and-burn farming
three levels of social organization
	tribe
	chiefdom
	state (civilization)
Circum-Caribbean
Nuclear America
Ancient America stages of development
	archaic
	formative
	classic
	post-classic
Time of Troubles
Olmecs
Mesoamerica
three significant ancient civilizations
	Maya
	Aztec
	Inca
Teotihuacán
Itzam Na
Toltecs
Tula
Tenochititlán
Mexico City
Quetzalcóatl
Moctezuma (Montezuma)
Viracocha and Pachayachachic
Quechua

Terms
Chapter 2
Latin American History 109

Iberia/Iberian Peninsula
Latin
Hispania
Visigoths
Germanic tribes
Roman Catholicism
Christian influence
Muslim
Moors
Umayyad Dynasty
Reconquest
Castile
Aragón
Ferdinand and Isabella
patronato real
reforms of the Spanish crown
challenged supremacy of the Church
  	economic reform
	expansive foreign policy
Charles V 
Philip II
Spain
Portugal
hidalgos
Don Quijote by Miguel de Cervantes
El Greco

Terms
Chapter 3
Latin American History 109

Portugal and Spain
Prince Henry
Bartholomeu Dias
Vasco da Gama
Pedro Álvares Cabral
adelantados
Christopher Columbus
Pinta, Santa Maria, Niña
Bahamas/San Salvador
tobacco
Hispaniola
Indies
Indians
Pope Alexander VI
Treaty of Tordesillas
Brazil
Vasco Núñez de Balboa
Ferdinand Magellan
Tenochtitlán
Moctezuma
Hernando Cortés
Malinche
Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz
Tlaloc, Tezcatlipoca, Quetzalcóatl
Cuauhtémoc
Francisco de Montejo
Kingdom of New Spain
encomienda
Peru
Francisco Pizarro
Atahualpa
factors enabling Spanish conquest
	fleeing of natives
	weak military strategy of natives
	docile native population
	superior Spanish firepower
	Spanish horses
	European disease
	proficient Spanish military
	internal strife of indigenous empires
North America
Ponce de León

La Florida
Hernando de Soto
Francisco Vásquez de Coronado
precious metals/spices
conquistadors
Lope de Aguirre

Terms
Chapter 4
Latin American History 109

indígenas
encomienda
tribute and labor
mestizo
mulatto
repartimiento
yanaconas
cacao, sugar, tobacco, 
cotton, indigo
haciendas
rancheros
ranchos
cochineal
Potosí
silver
mercury
England
John Hawkins
Francis Drake
Treaty of Madrid
Treaty of Ryswick
type of colonial economy
	capitalist or feudal

Terms
Chapter 5
Latin American History 109

Laws of the Indies
viceroys
viceroyalties
New Spain
Peru
presidencias
audiencias
Francisco de Toledo
Luis de Velasco
cabildos (ayuntamiento)
corregidores de indios
caciques
oidores
creoles
perros
Society of Jesus
Jesuits
education
University of Lima
University of Mexico City
Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz
Inquisition
heresy
limpieze de sangre
castas
peninsulars
gente sin razón
African slaves.
zambos
Middle Passage
maroons
miscegenation
manumission laws
indigenous communities
colonial cities
haciendas
barrios
hacendado
women in Spanish America

Terms
Chapter 6
Latin American History 109

Brazil
Treaty of Tordesillas
Pedro Alvares Cabral
Portugal
Brazilwood
degredados
King Jõao III
São Vicente
Santos
captaincy system
Duarte Coelho
sugar
tobacco
cotton
fazenda
monoculture
slave culture
fazendeiro
Casa Grande
indigenous peoples
Jesuits
bandeirantes
aldeias
marquis de Pombal
French and Dutch encroachment
Rio de Janeiro
Antarctic France
Mem de São
West India Company
first/second battles of Guararapes
West Indies
Barbados
plantations/sugar/rum refineries
gold mines
Minas Gerais
São Paulo and the Mines of Gold
diamond mines
Diamantina
Pernambuco
Bahia
cattle industry
vaqueiros
gauchos
sertão
Rio Grande do Sul
ministry of Marinha e Ultramar
relaçães
Senado da Câmara
comarca
ouvidor
capitães mores
corruption
church and clergy
white-black
white-native
black-native
quilomos
Palmares
obrigardos
agregados
compadrio
reinóis
mazombos
War of the Mascates
Olinda
Recife
José da Silva Xavier
Tiradentes