Terms
Chapters 7 and 8
Latin American History 109

Chapter 7
Bourbon family
Bourbon reforms
Philip V
Ferdinand VI
Charles III
War of Spanish Succession
Treaty of Utrecht (1713)
Gibraltar, Minorca
French Revolution (1789)
reducing smuggling
strengthening fleet
South Sea Company
guardasostas (private warships)
consulado (merchant guild)
Caracas Company
Reasons Spain did not regain control on Spanish American market:
   Spain remained industrially weak.
   Spain could not keep sea-lanes open.
monoculture
latifundio
leather
Río de la Plata
estancias (cattle ranches)
saladeros (salting plants)
silver mining
José Antonio Areche
cigar and cigarette manufacture
debt peonage
Real del Monte
partido (percentage of day’s haul)
Bourbon political reforms
   creation of more viceroyalties and captaincies general
   transferring power/control to intendants (provincial
   governors)
José de Gálvez
Jesuits
History of Ancient Mexico
patrias (fatherlands)
nationalism
indigenous myths
Virgin of Guadalupe
St. Thomas
Dominican Servando Teresa de Mier
demographics of Spanish America
castas (mixed race)
pardos (mulatto)
cédulas de gracias al sacar
revolts to Spanish rule
Mixton War (1540-1542)
Last Inca Revolt (1780s)
mitayas (drafted workers)
mingas (free workers)
José de Areche
corregidores
José Gabriel Condorcanqui
Tupac Amaru II
New Granada insurrection
José Antonio Galán

Chapter 8

three reasons creoles wanted independence
   Bourbon reforms; political, religious, education
   Enlightenment ideas, American Revolution, Napoleonic Wars
   rivalries between the creoles and peninsulars
creole nationalism
Declaration of the Rights of Man
Antonio Nariño
Haiti
Toussaint L’Overture
Louisiana Purchase
similarities between the American and Latin American Revolutions
   Both sought to overthrow the rule of a mother country.
   Both mother countries forced mercantilist systems.
   Both led by educated elite who endorsed the Enlightenment.
   Both were civil wars, because of loyalists within..
   Both owed their final success to foreign sources.
differences between the two revolutions
    Latin American revolution was not unified.  
    (The American Revolution was.)
    Latin American revolution did not have a broad popular
     base.
Simó Bolivar
junta
Venezuela
pardos
cortes
Francisco de Miranda
llaneros
llanos
José Tomás Boves
United Provinces of La Plata
Uruguay and Paraguay
Mariano Moreno
José de San Martín
Brazil
Dom Pedro
Mexico
September 16, 1810
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
José María Morelos
Vicente Guerrero
Agustín de Iturbide
proletariat
Doña Josefa Ortiz de Domíngues
Manuela Saenz
Amazon
Maria Quiteira de Jesus 
Terms
Chapter 9
Latin American History 109

factors for social status
•	wealth, power, prestige
•	whiteness of skin
racism
abolishment of slavery
mantilla
European immigrants
Flora Tristán
Domingo Sarmiento
Buenos Aires
Anglican Church
positivism
characteristics of 19th century economic growth
•	occurred in the framework of the hacienda system
•	foreign control over domestic products (neocolonialism)
caudillos
factors for economic stagnation
•	no redistribution of land and income
•	not enough exports
•	too many imports
•	wealthiest merchants were foreigners
•	lack of infrastructure in interior
•	domination of caudillos
•	bloated military & bureaucracy
patron
conservatives/liberals
Mexico upon independence
Constitution of 1824
Guadalupe Victoria
moderados and puros
General Antonio López de Santa Anna
Constitution of 1836
Texas (1845)
Mexican-American War (1846-1848)
North American Invasion
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)
internecine fighting
Melchor Ocampo
Benito Juárez
La Reforma
His Most Supreme Highness
Juan Alvarez
Ley Juarez
Ley Lerdo
pueblos
Constitution of 1857
•	freedom of speech, press, assembly
•	no more church and corporate ownership of land
•	limited fueros
•	sanctity of private property
•	ended bicameral legislature
•	ended the vice-presidency
Three Years’ War (1857)
Cinco de Mayo de 1862
General Porfirio Diaz
Argentina
Buenos Peru
Río de la Plata
Paraguay
Uruguay
Upper Peru/Bolivia
Juan Manuel Rosas
Bartolomé Mitre
Paraguayan War (1864-1870)
Carolos Antonio López
Francisco Solano
Chile
Bernardo O’Higgins
Joaquín Prieto
General Manuel Bulnes
Manuel Montt
United Provinces of Central America
•	Guatemala
•	El Salvador
•	Honduras
•	Nicaragua
•	Costa Rica
•	*Belize
•	*Panama

*not historically connected to Central America, but a part of, geographically

Terms
Chapter 10
Latin American History 109

maroons
Brazil
Dom Pedro
exaltados
Additional Act of 1834
Rio Grande do Sul
Pernambuco
coffee industry
decline of sugar production
•	exhausted soil
•	archaic techniques
•	foreign competition
Brazil and Puerto Rico
abolitionist movement
Rio Branco Law (1871)
Joaquim Nabuco
André Rebouças
São Paulo
Peru
General José de San Martín
Simón Bolívar
Peruvians
Great Britain
guano
Ramón Castilla
Dreyfus and Company
Manuel Pardo
Civilista
W.R. Grace
War of the Pacific
General Andrés Cáceres
Treaty of Ancón
Cuba
beet sugar
problems with sugar production
•	overhead of large mills
•	limited wood fuel
•	transportation of wood fuel
Aponte Rebellion in 1812
La Escalera 1844
Haitian Revolution
United States
Ten Years’ War
goals of Cuban rebels
•	independence
•	abolition of slavery
•	racial equality
Afro-Cubans
Antonio Maceo
Bronze Titan
Guerra Chiquita
impact of wars on Cuba society
•	land-owning class weakened
•	national identity became the fight
•	latifundios grew 
McKinley Tariff Act of 1890
Santeria
Colombia
New Granada
Venezuela
patriarchy
Panama
Ecuador
Francisco de Paul Santander
Roman Catholic Church
Liberals
Conservatives
Constitution of 1863
Rafael Núñez
Miguel Antonio Caro
Constitution of 1886
War of the Thousand Days
Panama Canal
Federal War (1830-1863)
José Antonio Páez

Terms
Chapter 11
Latin American History 109

problems with export and import
•	A nation that imports heavily does not strengthen economically.
•	A nation that depends on other countries for manufactured items does not develop its own industry.
neocolonialism
monocultures of countries
•	Argentina, Uruguay – wheat, meat
•	Brazil – coffee, sugar, rubber
•	Chile – copper, nitrates
•	Honduras – bananas
•	Cuba – sugar
Paraguay
Paraguayan War
Francisco Solano Lopez
hacienda system
factors for growth of haciendas
•	seizure of indigenous lands
•	seizure of church lands then selling cheaply
•	railroads gaining ownership of lands; selling them cheaply
•	wars, which meant gaining of territory
debt peonage
Chinese immigrants (coolies)
nationalists, socialists, anarchists, syndicalists
Mexico/Porfirio Diaz
Científicos
caballada
Ley de Deslindes of 1883
Ley de Terrenos Baldíos
trade union movement
Depression of 1906-1907
Argentina/Julio Roca
Conquest of the Desert, 1879-1880
Buenos Aires
pampa
unfavorable balance of trade
Unión Cívica, 1890
Leondro Além
Unión Civica Radical
Sáenz Peña Law
Chile
nitrate deposits
War of the Pacific, 1879
Treaty of Ancón
Araucanians
José Manuel Balmaceda
Brazil
Central America
•	Guatemala
•	Nicaragua
•	El Salvador
Venezuela
Colombia
Rafael Núñez
War of a Thousand Days, 1899

Essay Questions
Chapters 7-11
Latin American History 109

1.  Chronicle and explain the Latin American quest for independence.  It is important that you discuss the causes behind the Latin American struggle for independence; the manner in which the struggles differed between countries.  Who were some of the leaders?  What were their campaigns?  You will also want to draw comparisons between Latin American struggles and other global revolutions.    Begin with an overview, but then dedicate your focus to one country, in particular, from the following list:  Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, and Venezuela.

2.  Upon independence, Latin American countries, embarked upon various paths of reform and stability with neocolonialism becoming a facet of these developing countries.  Therefore, please begin with an overview of Latin America and neocolonialism, and then select two countries from the following list.  Discuss the various attempts at economic reform, keeping in mind that foreign investment affected the path of these countries.  You will want to clearly define neocolonialism, and explain the positive and negative impacts of neocolonialism.  Additionally, how was neocolonialism connected to land reform and labor struggles?  This is your list:  Mexico, Argentina, Chile, Brazil, Central America, Venezuela.  Select two for discussion.