Terms
Chapter 12
Latin American History 109

relationship with the U.S.
latisfundimo
narco-agriculture
hacendados 
new bourgeoisie
urban middle class
peasantry
industrial working class
service sector (informal sector)
Cartón de Colombia
gender separation
Paraguay
patriarchal culture
•	absolute supremacy of the father/husband
•	absolute self-sacrifice of the mother/wife
Cuba
Family Code
Sandinista People’s Army
racial issues
Catholic Church
military
School of the Americas
Western Hemisphere Institute of Security Cooperation
Mexican Revolution
Mexican Liberal Party (PLM)
Ricardo Flores Magón
Francisco Madero
Treaty of Ciudad Juárez
Francisco León de la Barra
Juana Gutiérrez de Mendoza
Emiliano Zapata
Zapatista movement
La China
Victoriano Huerta
Pancho Villa
Chihuahua
Ciudad Juarez
Chihuahua City
Constitutionalists
Coahuila
Venustiano Carranza
Plan of Guadalupe
USS Dolphin
Columbus, New Mexico
General John Pershing
Constitution of 1917
Alvaro Obregón
Plutarco Elias Calles
Bank of Mexico
Ford Motor Company
Calles Law
Vivo Cristo Rey
National Revolutionary Party (PNR)
General Lazaro Cardenas
Six-Year Plan
Vicent Lombardo Toledano
Confederación de Trabajadores Mexicanos (CTM)
Confederación Regional Obrera Mexicana (CROM)
Party of the Mexican Revolution (PRM)
labor/peasantry/military
March 18, 1938
General Manuel Ávila Camacho
Miguel Alemán
joint company
Pedro Infante
General Motors
1962 Integration Decree
student protest movement
rock and roll
Counterculture
Tlatelolco Square Massacre
political radicals
jipitecas
fresas
onderos
nacos
Luís Echeverría
U.S. investment
peso

Terms
Chapter 13
Latin American History 109

Brazil
cangaceiros
Republic of the United States of Brazil
valorization
São Paulo
Rio de Janeiro
favelas/morros
samba
carnival
Ernesto dos Santos
Dongo
Pelo Telefone
oligarchies
Three events galvanizing reform (1922)
•	Modern Art Week
•	Marxist groups/Communist Party
•	Tenentes
•	Artur da Silva bernardes
Artur da Silva Bernardes
Captain Luís Carlos Prestes
Prestes Column
Motta Diniz
Berta Lutz
Brazilian Federation for the Advancement of Women 
(FBPF)
Coffee Institute
Paulista Washington Luís de Sousa Pereira
Great Depression
Liberal Alliance
Getúlio Vargas
populism
Bourgeois Revolution
Vargas’ reforms
Constitution of 1934
Article 119
fazendeiros
Five-Year Plan
National Petroleum Company
Estado Nuvo
Generals Goes Monteiro and Eurico Dutra
Communist Party (PCB)
Juscelino Kubitschek
Brasilia
Bossa Nova
Jânio da Silva Quadros
João Goulart

Terms
Chapter 14
Latin American History 109

Argentina
populism
Buenos Aires
estancieros
Saenz Peña Law
reasons for economic growth
•	large European market for wool, mutton, beef, wheat
•	millions of immigrants providing cheap labor
•	significant foreign investment capital
upper/middle/lower classes
landed elites/military/church
urban marginals/workers
tango
Radica Era, 1916-1930
Radical Party (reasons for popularity)
•	urban organization
•	leader, Hipólito Yrigoyen
Cecelia Grierson
International Feminist Congress
Semana Trágica
Women’s Rights Association (ADF)
Marcelo de Alvear
Infamous Decade, 1930-1943
Lt. Gen. José F. Uriburu
prostitution
Law of Social Prophylaxis
Dry Law
World War I
Great Depression
World War II
Juan Perón
Department of Labor
Women’s Division of Labor and Assistance
progressive socialist
fútbol (soccer)
Eva Duarte de Perón (Evita)
Eva Perón Foundation
Second Five Year Plan
Standard Oil Company
justicialismo
La Prensa
Isabel Perón

Terms
Chapter 15
Latin American History

Cuba
José Martí
El Partido Revolucionario Cubano
Afro-Cubans
General Valeriano Weyler
William B. McKinley
William R. Hearst
Joseph Pulitzer
Theodore Rosoevelt
jingoists
USS Maine
de Lôme Letter
Spanish-American War
Cuba Libre
Teller Amendment
reasons for U.S. occupation of Cuba
•	to teach Cuba to self-govern
•	repair and rebuild Cuba and install U.S. occupation
•	to model Cuba as an American economy
Platt Amendment
Guantánamo Bay
latifundio
sugar mills
proletariat
Tomás Estrada Palma
Charles Magoon
Independent Party of Color (PIC)
rumba
Gerardo Machado y Morales
León Álvarez
Fulgencio Batista
Carlos Manuel de Céspedes
Dr. Ramón Grau San Martín
Fedel Castro Ruz
26th of July Movement
Che Guevara
Cuban Revolution
two decisions for Cuba’s future
no parliamentary democracy; no representative government
economic goals for land reform, income redistribution, economic independence from the U.S.
Soviet Union
Cuban-Soviet relations
American-Cuban relations
American CIA
John F. Kennedy Administration
Bay of Pigs Invasion (April 15, 1961)
Cold War
Cuba Missile Crisis
Laws of Agrarian Reform
state farms
Cuban Women’s Federation
Family Code of 1975
Cuba as a model

Terms
Chapter 16
Latin American History 109

the Andes
Peru
Bolivia
Ecuador
War of the Pacific
Andrés Cáceres
Nicolás Piérola
caciques apoderados
Rumi Maqui Movement (1915-1930)
Augusto B. Leguía
LaBrea-Pariñas
Lima, Peru
Constitution of 1920 (Peru)
socialism
anti-imperialism
indigenismo
Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana (APRA)
Haya de la Torre
Fernando Belaúnde Terry
General Juan Velasco Alvarado
International Petroleum Company (IPC)
Francisco Morales Bermúdez
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
World Bank
cumbia andina/chichi music
Alan García Pérez
Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso)
coca industry
Bolivia
Chaco War (1932-1935)
Cataví Massacre
National Revolutionary Movement (MNR)
Victor Paz Estenssoro
populist movement
Ecuador
General Guillermo Rodríguez Lara

Terms
Chapter 17
Latin American History 109

Salvador Allende Gossens
José Manuel Balmaceda
copper
Anaconda Copper Co.
Guggenheim
Bethlehem Steel
Socialist Labor Party
Communist Party
trabajo a domicilio
Braden Copper Company
progressivism
Arturo Alessandri
Carlos Ibáñez del Campo
Chilean Popular Front
Pedro Aguirre Cerda
pan, techo, y abrigo
Women’s Liberation Movement (MEMCH)
Gabriel González Videla
Christian Democratic Party
Eduardo Frei
Jorge Alessandri
Edwards family
Vietnam
Nueva Canción
Movement for United Popular Action (MAPU)
Popular Unity (PU)
U.S. support for coup
General Augusto Pinochet

ESSAY QUESTION

From one of the following countries/regions, please discuss the formative years of the 20th century.  You will chronicle the internal and external changes that occurred for the country you have chosen.  These changes include class conflict; gender, racial, ethnic struggles; foreign investment and influence on behalf of the U.S.; economic reform; land reform; labor reforms and movements.  You must embark on a discussion of the various leaders and political parties for the country of your choice.  You may choose one of the following countries:  Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Cuba, Chile, and the Andes.  (If you choose the Andes, you must include discussion of all three of those countries featured in chapter 16.  They are Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador.)  
Please provide a conclusion that summarizes the overall plight of these countries in their efforts to stabilize and modernize.

Post-independence from Spain and Portugal
Leaders and Time Periods of Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Cuba

Mexico --
was ruled as an empire, after independence, from 1822-1823, First Mexican Empire, 1823-1823,
 Emperor Agustín I
1824-1864, Mexican Presidents,
From December 23-31, 1829, Mexico saw three presidents, Pedro Vélez, Lucas Alamān, Luis de
 Quintanar.
Between 1824-1864, Santa Anna was president eleven times.
October 1863 – May 1867, Second Mexican Empire, Maximilian I.
From 1867-present, Mexico has had presidents, with Porfirio Díaz claiming the office three
 times.  These presidents have been Conservative or Liberal.  Díaz has been the most
 controversial.

Brazil --
was ruled as an empire, after independence, from 1822-1889.  The only two emperors of that
 time were father and son, Dom Pedro I and Dom Pedro II.  Dom Pedro II reigned for 58
 years, and was the last emperor.
1889-1930 – Old Republic
1930-1945 – Vargas Era; unstable era; authoritarian and populist movement
Republic of 1946 (the time when Vargas was deposed the first time; he served twice, ending the
              second time in 1954 with his suicide
1945-1964 – Second Republic (political instability)
1964-1985 – military dictatorship
1985- present – New Republic

Argentina –
received independence in 1816. was ruled by an juntas and triumvirates.
1814-1820 – Supreme Directors
1816-1817 – first president
1827-1854 – a confederation without presidents, but did have leaders
1854-1916 – The Argentine Republic
1916-1930 – presidents elected by free and universal vote; Radical Era
1930 – first military coup d’état
1930-1943 – more presidents; Infamous Decade,  military intervention
1943 – another coup d’état; ushered in line of de facto military presidents
1946-1955 – Juan Perón Era (removed in 1955)
1955 – military coup known as Revolución Libertadora; end of populism
1955 – military juntas
1958 – military coup known as Revolución Argentina
1966-1973 – juntas and de facto presidents
1973 – attempt at democracy; short-lived; two presidents; first one resigned; second was interim
1973-1974 –Juan Perón; died in office
1974-1976 – Isabel Perón; deposed in coup (Juan Perón’s third wife)
1976 – military coup, Proceso de Reorganización Nacional; last coup to date
1976-1983 – military juntas
1983- present – civilian presidents