Terms 
Introduction – Ch. 5
Western Civilization 101
Spielvogel, 7th ed.

Intro. – Ch. 1
history
western
civilization
culture 
why study about the past
why study ancient predecessors
six needs common to all people
Stone Age
Paleolithic Period 
Chauvet Cave
Çatal Hüyük
Neolithic Revolution
stages of human development
  hominids (Australopithecines)
  homo erectus
  homo sapiens
  homo sapiens sapiens
Neanderthals
Cro-Magnon
hunter-gatherers
systematic agriculture
two innovations of Paleothic peoples
  tool-making
  use of fire
population growth
wheel
divisions of labor
pre-history 
writing 
six characteristics of civilization
Fertile Crescent
Mesopotamia
Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
irrigation and drainage
Sumer
Ur
ziggurat

theocracy
divine kings
city-states
commerce and industry
social hierarchy
  elites
  dependent commoners
  free commoners
  slaves
Mesopotamian Empires
  Akkadian Empire
  Third Dynasty of Ur
  Hammurabi’s Empire
Sargon
Babylon
Ur-Nammu
Semites
Hammurabi (1792-1750 BC)
Code of Hammurabi
polytheism
Enuma elish
An
Enlil
Enki
Ninhursaga
diviniation
cuneiform
The Epic of Gilgamesh
literature
mathematics & astronomy
“The Gift of the Nile”
Egypt
Nile River/Valley
Old Kingdom
Ma’at
vizier
nomes/provinces
nomarch/governor
Middle Kingdom
social/order/economy
nobles and serfs
pharaoh
Atum
Re
Amon-Re
Osiris
Isis
Horus
Seth 
pyramids/Giza
mummification
Book of the Dead
Great Pyramid
Egyptian art
hieroglyphics
Hyksos
New Kingdom
Akhenaten
Nefertiti
Tutankhamen
Rameses II
women in Egyptian culture
Hatshepsut
Balkan Peninsula
Neolithic Europe
megaliths
Stonehenge
Indo-Europeans
Hittites
Sea People
Gasga
p. 6 – early civilizations
p. 16-17 – Nile River
p. 52(conclusion) – Christianity/Islam
p. 61 – polis
p. 81 – The Republic
p. 117 – imperium
p. 131 – Roman upper-class women

WHY STUDY THE PAST?
1.	 We are all the same species, yesterday and today.
2.	We share a fundamental commonality.
3.	Continuity and change in human affairs proceed together.

SIX NEEDS COMMON TO ALL PEOPLE, AT ALL TIMES, IN ALL PLACES:
1.	 survival
2.	social organization
3.	stability and protection
4.	knowledge and learning
5.	self-expression
6.	religious expression

AGRICULTURAL SURPLUSES RESULTED IN:
1.	 population growth
2.	growth of trading
3.	divisions of labor

RESULTS OF NEOLOTHIC REVOLUTION
1.	 trading
2.	craft specialization
3.	stratified  labor
4.	gender roles defined
5.	permanent dwellings
6.	domestication of animals
7.	traditional farming practices
8.	the wheel
9.	writing
10.	metallurgy

CHARACTERISTICS OF CIVILIZATION
1.	 urban focus
2.	religious structure
3.	political and military structures
4.	social structure based on economic power
5.	development of writing
6.	artistic and intellectual activity

THREE GOALS OF HAMMURABI
1.	 make Babylon secure
2.	unify Mesopotamia
3.	secure the legacy of Babylonians in the Mesopotamian civilization

UNIQUE CHARACTERSTICS OF THE CODE OF HAMMURABI
1.	The law differed according to the social status of the offender.  Aristocrats were not punished as harshly as commoners, nor commoners as harshly as slaves.
2.	The punishment was designed to fit the crime.

Ch. 2
Hebrews
Old Testament
Abraham
Levant
Canaan
“Children of Israel”
Egypt
Moses
Exodus
Ba’al
Israelites
Israel
Saul
Philistines
David
Moabites
Jerusalem
Solomon
Temple in Jerusalem
Ark of the Covenant
northern and southern tribes
  Israel
  Judah
Samaria
Assyrians
Chaldeans
Babylonia
King Nebuchadnezzar II
Babylonian Exile
Persians
Yahweh
monotheism
Hebrew Bible 
Pentateuch
Torah
covenant
prophets
Amos
Isaiah
kosher (not in text)
“men of rank and influence”
“people of the land”
Diaspora
patriarchal
polygamy
gender roles
Phoenicians
Byblos, Tyre, Sidon, Carthage
Phoenician alphabet
Assyrian Empire
“the land of Ashur”
Neo-Babylonian Empire
Marduk
Sin
Hanging Gardens
Chaldean Dynasty
Persian Empire
Medes
Cyrus the Great 
satrap/satrapy
Herodotus
Cambyses II (530-522 BC)
Darius (521-486 BC)
Great King
Immortals
Zoroaster
Zoroastrianism
Mithra
Zend Avesta
Ahuramazda
good vs. evil
“House of Song”
“Kingdom of Good Thought”
“House of Worst Thought”
impact of Zoroastrianism on Christianity

Ch. 3
Greece
its geography
Aegean Sea
Mediterranean Sea
Gulf of Corinth
Peloponnesus
Sparta
Olympia
Attica
Athens
Thebes
Thessaly
Macedonia
Crete
Bronze Age
Minoans
Knossus
Mycenaean
wanax
Dark Ages
Acolians
Dorians
Homer
Iliad
Odyssey
Trojan War
Achilles
Odysseus
Arête
polis/poleis
city-state
acropolis
agora
hoplites
phalanx
colonization
tyrants
Corinth
perioikoi
helots
oligarchy
gerousia
ephors
solon
upward political mobility
archon
Peloponnesian League
Athens as a polis
Pisistratus 560 BC
Hippias
Cleisthenes
demes
Council of Five Hundred
Athenian democracy
demos-people
kratia-power
kouros/korai
Archaic Greece
lyric poetry
Sappho
Lesbos/lesbian
homosexuality
Hesios
Work and Days
aristocrats/commoners
Classical Greece
Asian Minor
Persia
Miletus
Darius
Persian Wars
Themistocles
trireme
Xerxes
Thermopylae
Battle of Salamis
Delian League
Athenian Empire
Pericles
ostracism
jurors
lower-class citizens
First Peloponnesian War
Great Peloponnesian War
decline of Greece
decharchies
Thirty Tyrants
Herodotus
Thucydides
Greek drama
Aeschylus
Sophocles 
Oedipus the King
Euripides
Greek comedy
Aristophanes
art
architecture
Doric/Ionic/Corinthian
importance of proportion
Parthenon
Sophists
rhetoric 
Socrates
Socratic method
Plato
Ideas or Forms
The Republic
Aristotle
Academy 
research and investigation
politics
Greek religion
polytheism
Mt. Olympus
Zeus
Athena
Apollo
Aphrodite
Poseidon
oracle
mystery religion
metics
slavery
economy
family
women’s roles
hetairai
Persia – present-day Iran
Anatolia – present-day Turkey
Canaan – Palestine/Israel
Mesopotamia – Iraq

Ch. 4
Macedonia
King Archelaus
King Philip II
Athenians
Demosthenes
Philippics
Isocrates
Darius III
Thebes
Battle of Chaeronea
Corinthian League
hegemon
Persian Empire
Alexander the Great
Asia Minor
Battle of Issus
Tyre
Egypt
Alexandria
India
Battle of Hydaspes River
Hellenistic Era
Hellenistic kingdoms
  Antigonid
  Seleucid
  Pergamum
  Ptolemaic
Celts/Gauls
women’s roles
slavery
slave acquisition
education
gymnasium
libraries
Tyche (not in text)
literature
Menander
Polybius
arts
science
astronomy
Aristarchus of Samos
heliocentrism
geocentrism
Eratosthenes
Euclid 
Elements
Archimedes
pi
hydrostatics
Archimedes screw
Hippocrates
medicine
anatomy
dissection
vivisection
Herophilus
Erasistratus
magical cures
philosophy
Epicureanism
Stoicism
religion
mysticism
cult of Isis
syncretism
Jews
origins of Hanukkah   

Ch. 5
two periods of Roman history
  Republic (409-264 BC)
  Empire (31-476 AD)
Italy
Mediterranean climate
Arno River
Apennines
Po Valley
Latium
Campania
Tiber River
Greeks in southern Italy
Etruscans
Etruria
Romans
Romulus and Remus
toga
vault
arch
the Sacred Way
Forum
fasces
Rome 
Jupiter/Zeus
Minerva/Athena
Herakles/Hercules
Celts/Gauls
pagan
Roman politics and law
“living documents”
civil law
natural law
universal truths
Twelve Tables
Roman political terms
  imperium
  patrician
  plebeians
  senate
  consuls
  ladder of offices
  praetor
  dictator
  quaestors
  aediles
  censors
  centuriate assembly
Struggle of the Orders
tribunes
nobiles
Rome made Italy
Appian Way
Tarentum
Pyrrhus
Pyrrhic victory
Punic Wars (264-146 BC)
Carthage
First Punic War
Corsica
Sardinia
New Carthage
Hannibal
Second Punic War
Battle of Zama
Third Punic War
Scipio the Younger
Sallust
Marcus Cato
paterfamilias
manumission
Latin
baths
 aqueducts
Juno
Mars
Mercury
pontiffs
vestal virgins
Roman Late Republic (133-44 BC)
latifundia
Tiberius Gracchus
Gaius Gracchus
Gaius Marius
proletariat
Cornelius Sulla
Social War
Pompey
Julius Caesar
Rubicon
Spartacus
Marcus Tullius Cicero
First Triumvirate
Cleopatra VII
Julian calendar
Gregorian calendar
Ides of March
Octavian
Second Triumvirate
Battle of Actium
Roman writers/Republic Era
  Catullus
  Lucretius
  Cicero
  Sallust
  Caesar